Ekologi Urban

First, cities lie at the center of urban regions   (Forman, 2008 ). In eff ect, an essentially all-built metropolitan area visible from outer space is surrounded by   a ring-around-the-city.   Second, urban areas are mosaics. T h e spatial pattern   or arrangement of patches and corridors is extremely   diverse and ecologically important (Forman, 1995 ,   2008 ; Wu, 2004 ; Pickett et al ., 2009 ).     Built structures are a key to urban ecology.   Organism–environment interactions are simple ecology, whereas inserting buildings and roads in the interactions transforms the subject to urban ecology . Urban ecology is useful for many allied felds   focused on di ff erent interacting factors. Sociology   highlights people–people interactions. Recreation   and aesthetics commonly focus on people–organisms   nteractions. Architecture, housing, and transportation emphasize people–built structure interactions.   Engineering and weather reports focus on people–environment interactions. Ec